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Cuando los nazis vinieron a buscar a los comunistas, /guardé silencio, /porque yo no era comunista. /Cuando encarcelaron a los socialdemócratas,/guardé silencio, /porque yo no era socialdemócrata. /Cuando vinieron a buscar a los sindicalistas, /no protesté, /porque yo no era sindicalista. /Cuando vinieron a buscar a los judíos, /no protesté, /porque yo no era judío.
Cuando vinieron a buscarme, /no había nadie más que pudiera protestar. Cuando los nazis vinieron… reflexiona sobre las consecuencias de no resistir a las tiranías en sus primeros momentos. Martin Niemöller, su autor y pastor evangelista, menciona que originalmente no era un poema, sino un sermón en la Semana Santa de 1946 en un pueblo alemán. La potencia de ese poema, claro está, radica tanto en las consecuencias de la cobardía como en la ceguera ante la germinación de una cultura autoritaria. Es la combinación de cobardía y ceguera, esa complicidad involuntaria de la impotencia, que hace posible el asentamiento de la tiranía.
Por otra parte, en todo el mundo se asume que el Estado debe tener el monopolio en el uso de la fuerza porque se supone que la fuerza debe usarse exclusivamente para la protección del bien común, del conjunto de derechos y libertades. Cuando un gobierno usa discrecionalmente la fuerza está quebrando el Estado de derecho. Y si esa discrecionalidad está orientada por razones ideológicas, el abuso de poder se convierte en autoritarismo.
En nuestro país hay un tercer componente que añade complejidad a esa relación de resistencia o complicidad de la sociedad ante la emergencia de la tiranía. Puede llamarse la cultura del linchamiento. Una negación del derecho a la existencia, no sólo a la defensa, a decenas de personas, a centenas de minas, hectáreas de tierras y haciendas y, sobre todo, a opiniones políticas divergentes. Porque el linchamiento, en el caso nuestro, está cada vez más ligado a la construcción de un proyecto de poder de ciertos movimientos sociales aliados del Gobierno y militantes del MAS, no a la realización de la justicia desde el pueblo ante la ausencia de Estado. Al mismo tiempo, el sujeto del linchamiento deja de ser un anónimo grupo humano desesperado ante el avasallamiento criminal, para ser un actor político con identidad ideológica que ostenta su proyecto de poder y somete a quien intenta resistir la emergencia de esa tiranía. El linchamiento en Bolivia es cada vez más un ostentoso acto político de los poderosos y cada vez menos un desesperado acto de defensa propia de los inválidos.
La combinación del abuso de poder del Estado con el linchamiento político desde algunos movimientos sociales es lo que hace posible la tiranía. Cuando mucho de Estado y algo de sociedad convergen en el abuso de poder contra los derechos humanos y las libertades políticas nos convertimos en testigos del huevo de la serpiente. Y la tiranía se hace parte de nuestra vida diaria.
Decir que vivimos apenas la semilla de la tiranía pareciera implicar que tenemos tiempo para mirarnos y hacer el gesto de darnos la mano. Algo de cierto hay en esa sensación. Al mismo tiempo, sin embargo, la semilla puede ser un iceberg. Y lo que vemos es apenas el borde un agujero negro hecho para canibalizar lo mejor de nuestra conciencia nacional. Darnos la mano, por tanto, ya no sería suficiente. Mejor, entonces, hermanarnos. Más nos vale resistir por exceso que por omisión. Total, el exceso puede convertirse en el placer de la libertad. La omisión, en cambio, podría ser la última línea del poema: Cuando vinieron a buscarme, /no había nadie más que pudiera protestar.
* Especialista en Educación
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